[Each word has a linguistic and technical meaning. Linguistically,
hajj means to aim for something once or to do something time after time
or a simple intention. This usage is like the words of the Almighty, "And
when We made the House a place to return to, a sanctuary for mankind."
(2:125) Its technical usage designates an act of worship which contains
ihram, standing, tawaf, sa'y and other things.
Linguistically 'umra means to visit. Linguistically it designates
an act of worship which has ihram, standing, tawaf, sa'y which begins like
the hajj. ]
H.1b. The word Bakka
Going on hajj to the Sacred House of Allah, situated in Bakka,
["Bakka" is used used to honour it. ]
H.1c. Preconditions of its obligation
is an obligation for every free adult Muslim, who is able to find a
way to do it, once during his lifetime.
1. Ability
[It is obligatory when five preconditions are meant. He indicates on of
them: who is 'able to find a way to it', i.e. to the House of Allah.
2. Islam
Islam is a precondition for the obligation. That is what Ibn al-Hajib
and the author of the Mukhtasar say. It is a precondition for its
validity. According to the first, disbelief is a barrier to its
obligation, and according to the second, to its validity.
3. Freedom
The third precondition is freedom.]
4. Adulthood
The fourth is adulthood. The precondition of adulthood is not confined
to the hajj. ]
5. Sanity
The final precondition remains, which is sanity. The hajj is not
obliged for someone who is insane.]
[Hajj is obligatory for the one who is legally responsible and meets the
preconditions. If someone who is not legally responsible makes the hajj, his
hajj is valid but the obligatory hajj is not achieved for him.
Its obligation is indicated by the Book, Sunna and consensus. Whoever
denies that it is obligatory is an unbeliever. If anyone affirms its
obligatory nature but refuses to do it, will be called to reckoning by
Allah. Hajj is obligatory on the one who meets the preconditions once in his
lifetime by consensus.]
H.1d. The meaning of "way"
What is meant by "way" is a safe route, sufficient provisions to reach
Makka, sufficient strength to be able to get to Makka and a good state of
health.
[This expression covers four things:
1. It must be a safe route. If he fears for himself, it is
agreed that the obligation is cancelled. If he fears for some of his
property and injury, it is cancelled for him. If he would not be injured,
it is cancelled for him by one statement.
2. Provisions. Apparently he only considers what will enable him
to reach it. That is what al-Lakhmi said. He qualified that by saying,
"Unless he knows that if he remains there, he will die and he fears for
himself. Then he considers what is adequate for the return journey to the
nearest place he can stay in it and sell to buy provisions and other
things.
3. Physical ability. The third is the strength to arrive on foot
or riding. When the blind person finds someone to guide him and there is
no enormous difficulty, then it is obliged for him.
4. Health. Some say it is a part of strength and some say it is
a fourth precondition. Hajj is not obligatory for the sick person, even if
he has what can find something to ride.
The hajj has obligations, sunnas and excellent parts. The shaykh did not
clarify them. He described the hajj in the actual order in which it is
performed. We will , Allah willing, point the various parts. One of the
obligations is ihram. ]
H.2 Ihram
H.2a Its miqats
You should go into 'ihram' at the appropriate miqat.
[It has two miqats: one in time and one in place.]
1. The Miqat of time
[The miqat of time was not mentioned by the shaykh: that is the months
of Shawwal, Dhu'l-Qi'da, and all of Dhu'l-Hijja in the famous position. It
is said it is only the first ten days of Dhu'l-Hijja. Disagreement arises
when the the Tawaf al-Ifada is delayed. In the famous position, sacrifice
is not obliged for him unless it is delayed to Muharram. In the other
position, it is when it is knowingly delayed to the 11th. The defined time
is the time of the hajj, including entering ihram and ending it, not only
ihram only. If he goes into ihram before Shawwal, that is disliked.]
2. The Miqat of place
[If he goes into ihram before that, it is disliked. It is recommended
not to delay going into ihram because hastening to obey is better. It
varies according to the different states of those going into ihram. The
miqat of the Makkan is Makka. It is recommended for him to go into ihram
from inside the mosque. His miqat for 'umra and for qiran is coming out ot
ihram because every ihram must must combine being both in and out of
ihram. The miqat of someone from outside Makka varies and it is one of
five places with the differences of fiqh, about whether he goes into ihram
for hajj or 'umra.]
H.2b Physical miqats
The miqat for the people of Syria, Egypt and North Africa is Juhfa,
but if they come via Madina, it is better for them to go into ihram at the
miqat of the people of Madina which is Dhu'l-Hulayfa. The miqat of the
people of Iraq is Dhat Irq and that of the people of Yaman, Yalamlam. The
people of Najd go into ihram at Qarn. If any of these go via Madina they too
should go into ihram at Dhu'l-Hulayfa since they will NOT be passing their
own miqat again.
[Juhfa is a town about 7 stages from Madina and 3 or 5 from Makka. If
people of these regions come via Madina, they adopt the miqat of the
Madinans. Dhu'l-Hulayfa is about 6 miles from Madina. It is the furthest of
the miqats from Madina. There is about 10 stages from Makka. Iraq also
includes places further on like Iran. Dhat 'Irq is a ruined town two stages
from Makka. Yalamlam is a mountain of Tihama two stages from Makka. Qarn is
a small mountain apart from the mountains opposite Makka and two stages from
it. Those who make hajj by sea from the Egypt and the like go into ihram
when they are opposite Juhfa.]
H.2c How to go into ihram
When going into ihram you should do so straight after praying, whether
that prayer is fard or nafila. You start by saying, "Labbayk Allahumma
Labbayk, Labbayk la sharika lak inna'l-hamda wa ni'mata laka wa'l-mulk, la
sharika lak." (At Your service, O Allah, at Your service. At Your
service, none can be associated with You, at Your service. All praise and
blesssing is due to You as is the Kingdom. None can be associated with You.)
[It is sunna to say this. In short,the talbiyya is obligation intself. So
if you were to omit it, you are obliged to sacrifice. It is sunna that it
accompany going in ihram. "Labbayk " means is answer after answer,
The answer is in response the words of the Almighty, "Am I not your Lord?"
They said, "Yes" (bala). It also refers to the fact that when Ibrahim
asked permission for people to make hajj and he called out, "O people! Allah
has a House so make hajj," they answered him from the east and the west of
the earth and from the wombs of the women and the loins of the men. Some
people prefer to stop at "mulk" and start a new sentence with "la
sharik".]
H.2d The intention
You say this and make the intention to do Hajj or 'umra according to
what you are intending to do.
[Ibn 'Umar said according to the position of Ibn Habib ihram begins by
the intention and the word, i.e. the talbiya. He considers the talbiya a
precondition for its validity and so it has the same position as the takbir
al-Ihram in the prayer. Khalil says that the reality of ihram is to enter
with the intention into one of the two practices with the word connected to
it, like the talbiya, or an action connected to it, like turning to the
road. Ihram does not begin simply by the intention. There must be the word,
like the talbiyya, or an action, like turning to the road. One of the
special qualities of the talbiyya is is not that it is a preconditon for the
validity of ihram as Ibn Habib stated. It revolves around the existence of
one of two - word or deed. It is recommended to confine onself to the
talbiyya mentioned because it was the talbiyya of the Prophet.]
H.2e Performing a ghusl
Then you should have a ghusl
[Even if a woman is menstruating or bleeding after childbirth since it is
sunna. This is based on what at-Tirmidhi reported: the Prophet stripped for
ihram and performed a ghusl before he assumed ihram. There is no sacrifice
for omitting it either deliberately or out of forgetfulness. That is also
the case with the rest of the ghusls of the hajj. The evidence that it is
sunna for the woman in menstruation or bleeding is what comes in the Muwatta'
that Asma' gave birth and when Abu Bakr mentioned that to the Messenger of
Allah he said, "Tell her to perform a ghusl and then enter ihram." It is
recommended for the one who wants to assume ihram for hajj or 'umra to clip
his nails, shave his private parts and trim his beard, but he does not shave
his head since dishevelment is desirable.]
H.2f Removing stitched clothing
and remove any clothes containing stitching before actually entering
the state of ihram.
[It is sunna for men to remove any stitched garments and to wear a
wrapper, cloak and sandals.]
H.2g A ghusl when entering Makka
It is also recommended to have a ghusl when you enter Makka.
[This is for the one in ihram, who is not menstruating or in lochia. It
is best that it be at Dhu Tuwa since that is what the Prophet did.]
H.2h Continuing the talbiya
You should continue to recite the talbiya (as mentioned above) after
all prayers, at the summit of every rise and every time you rejoin your
travelling companions.
[The muhrim does the talbiya after the obligatory and nafila prayers, and
at every high place and in the valleys. His 'travelling companions' are
those he camps and travels with. He also says it when he wakes up from
sleep. The one saying the talbiya does not return the greeting until he
finishes. He is recommended to raise his voice in the talbiya to a medium
level. The woman should only be able to hear herself. It is not disliked for
a woman in menstruation or lochia to say the talbiya.]
H.2i Not being excessive in the talbiya
However, you should not go to excess in it.
[This is not recommended or obligatory. Indeed, it is disliked by Malik.
This means doing it a lot constantly so that he does not cease that. When he
does not cease, he is not silent so that he misses the cermony.]
H.3 Entering Makka
H.3a Stopping the talbiya and restarting it
When you enter Makka you stop reciting the talbiya until after you
have completed your tawaf and sa'y. Then you start doing it again until
midday on the Day of 'Arafa, if you have got to the place of prayer on 'Arafa.
[It is related that he stops it at the Jamra al-'Aqaba. Al-Lakmi inclined
to what is in Muslim that the Prophet continued to do the talbiya until he
stoned the Jamra al-'Aqaba.]
H.3b. Where to enter Makka
It is recommended to enter Makka through the pass of Kada' in Upper
Makka and to leave it by Kuda, but it does not matter if you do not do this.
[This is because the Prophet did that and the Companions after him did so
as well. It is recommended to enter it in the day since the Prophet did
that. If someone enters before sunrise, he does not do tawaf. If he does
tawaf, he does not pray until sunrise. Nafila prayers are lawful. When a
woman arrives in the day, she is recommended to delay tawaf until night.
When someone leaves, it is recommended that he go by Kuda,which is the
bottom of Makka. There is no sin if he does not do this, because he has not
omitted something obligatory.]
H.3c. The first thing done after entering Makka
Malik said that all those entering Makka should first of all go
straight to the Masjid al-Haram, which it is recommended to enter by the
door of Bani Shayba.
[And no where else unless it is unavoidable - like tying up one's mount
and having a little food. Delay is bad manners. This is now known as the
Door of Peace. That is because the Prophet did that. After someone enters,
he should do tawaf by making the intention and make for the Black Stone.]
H.4. The Tawaf
H.4a Greeting the Black Stone
You should greet the Black Stone by kissing it, if possible, or if you
cannot then by touching it and putting your hand to your mouth without
kissing it.
[If he cannot touch it with his hand, he touches it with his stick and
then places it to his mouth without kissing it. A stick is not adequate when
the hand is possible and nor the hand when kissing is possible. This kissing
is a sunna at the beginning of the tawaf and recommended in the rest of it.
The evidence for kissing is in the two Sahih collections that 'Umar kissed
it and said, "I know that you are a merely a stone which can bestow neither
harm nor benefit. If it had not been that I had seen the Messenger of Allah,
may Allah bless him and grant him peace, kiss you, I would not have kissed
you."]
H.4b The Tawaf of Arrival
Then you do tawaf keeping the House on your left, going round it seven
times.
[After kissing the Black Stone, you perform Tawaf of Arrival. It is
obligatory for every one who assumes ihram, whether he is one of the people
of Makka or elsewhere. When he goes into ihram from the Haram, he does not
do the Tawaf of arrival since he is not arriving.
Tawaf, whether it is a pillar, obligation or desirable practice, has
obligatory parts, sunan and recommended parts.]
H.4c The Obligatory parts of Tawaf
[It has six obligatory parts, the first ones being the preconditions for
the prayer:
1. Purity from ritual impurity and uncleanness, and covering the
private parts. If he breaks wudu' while performing it, he purifies
himself and begins again, based on the famous position. Speech is
permitted in it since the Prophet said, "Tawaf of the House is prayer
although Allah has allowed speech in it, so one should only speak good."
2. Tawaf is done inside the mosque.
3. He puts the House on his left. If he puts it on his right,
his tawaf is not valid and he must repeat it. He should take care when he
begins the tawaf and stand a little before the corner so that the Stone is
on his right of where he stands. That is what al-Fakhani said. If he does
not completely encompass the Stone, he has not completed the first
circuit. He should take note of that: the ignorant often err in that. His
tawaf is outside the House, and the one who kisses the Black Stone must
only walk after he had stood upright as before. He is not permitted to
kiss it and then walk with bowed head or his hand so that he does not
achieve some of the tawaf. All his body would not be outside the House
because part of his body is on the buttress, which is part of the House
and thus his tawaf would not be valid.
4. Seven circuits. He begins from the Stone and ends at the
Black Stone. If he begins from the Yemeni corner, he ends with it and must
sacrifice.
5. Continuity. If he forgets a circuit and then remembers soon
after and has not broken wudu', he returns to it, as he would to the
prayer. If it is a long time, then the tawaf is invalid by analogy with
the prayer.
6. Praying two rak'ats after it.]
H.4d Its sunan
Three times at a fast pace between walking and running and four times
at a normal walking pace.
[Its sunan are four:
1. One is the fast pace three times, which is going faster than
walking but not running. It is sunna for the man and not the woman, even
if he is ill. He owes no sacrifice for omitting it, even if he able to do
it. Then four circuits are done walking. The evidence for all of this is
that the Prophet did it.
2. Supplication, which is not defined.
3. Kissing the Black Stone at the beginning of the tawaf as was
said.
4. Kissing the Yemeni Corner in the first circuit.]
H.4e Recommended parts
Every time you pass the Black Stone, you greet it in the way we have
already mentioned and say 'Allahu akbar'. You do not kiss the Yamani corner
but you greet it by touching it with your hand which you then raise to your
mouth without missing it.
[Its recommended parts are four:
1. Kissing the Black Stone in the beginning of every circuit
except the first if you are able to do so. Otherwise you place your hand
on it and then on your mouth without kissing it. You do this while saying
the takbir.
2. Kissing the Yemeni corner at the beginning of every circuit
other than the first.
3. Going close to the House for men rather women.
4. Supplication at the Multazam after finishing the tawaf. The
Multazam is between the Yemeni corner and the door. He hugs it and makes
intense supplication.]
H.4f Two rak'ats at the end
When you have finished your tawaf you pray two rak'as at the Maqam
Ibrahim. Then if you are able to you greet the Black Stone once more
[His words include an obligation and two recommended parts. The
obligation is to do two rak'ats after tawaf . The two recommendations are
doing it at the Maqam and connecting them to tawaf. It would mean that there
is no sacrifice at all on account of not connecting them: but that is not
the case. There is a sacrifice in some instances.Nor is te recomendation
absolute: it is recommended for some and obligatory for some in which case
there is a sacrifice as a consequence of omitting it.
So someone who does not do two rak'ats until he is far away or has
returned home must absolutely perform them. If they are part of an
obligatory tawaf he owes a sacrifice. If they are from another tawaf, then
no sacrifice is obliged for that. If he has not gone far or returned to his
land and has not broken his purity, then he only performs two rak'ats. If
his purification is broken deliberately, he does the tawaf and two rak'ats,
even if they are not obligatory and repeats the tawaf, the two rak'ats, and
sa'y. In other than that he repeats it. Does he repeat the tawaf or not? The
apparent meaning is to prefer the second, and he does not kiss the Yemeni
corner. After Kissing the Black Stone it is recommended to go to Zamzam and
drink from it.]
H.5. Sa'y at Safa and Marwa
H.5a. Beginning sa'y
and then go off to Safa where you stand and make du'a.
[Al-Aqfahasi and Ibn 'Umar said that it is recommended to leave by the
door of Safa since it is closest to Safa. Zarruq transmitted from Ibn Habib
that the Prophet went out by it. ]
H.5b. Going to Marwa
From there you walk to Marwa going faster across the bottom of the
valley. When you reach Marwa you stand for a time making du'a and then walk
back to Safa. You do this seven times, standing four times on Safa and four
times on Marwa.
[He should walk quickly in the bottom of the valley, particularly when
going to Marwa: this is the sunna for men rather than women. The valley is
what is between the two green markers which are on the wall of the Masjid
al-Haram to the left going to Marwa. The first of them is at the corner of
the mosque under the minaret and the second is opposite Ribat al-'Abbas. The
supplication made on Marwa and Safa is not specified. Stopping there is
sunna.
This sa'y is one of the pillars of the hajj and 'umra which is necessary
and no sacrifice or anything else can compensate for its omission. Its
obligatory nature is indicated by the Book and Sunna. It has preconditions,
sunan and recommended parts.
Its preconditions are four:
1. The proper order, which is that sa'y is done after tawaf. If
he begins with sa'y, he returns and does sa'y .
2. Continuity, If he sits for a long time and becomes like
someone who stops, he must begin the sa'y again. If it is a short stop, it
does not impair it. If he is afflicted by incontinence he does wudu' an d
builds on what he has done. Speech in it is less than speech in tawaf,
i.e. he should only speak softly.
3. Completing the number: seven. If anyone omits a circuit of
hajj or 'umra, whether the hajj or 'umra are sound or unsound, he should
return for that from his land. If anyone omits omits a cubit of the sa'y,
that is not adequate.
4. It should be preceded it by a sound tawaf. It is not a
precondition that it be an obligatory one. Any tawaf is enough according
to Ibn al-Hajib and that is what Khalil understood from the Mudawwana,
but is preferred, Zarruq said that the famous position is that it is a
precondition that it is obligatory like the Tawaf al-Ifada and Tawaf of
Arrival.
Then after he finishes the sa'y the time of Standing is near.]
H.6. At Mina
On the Day of Tarwiya (8th Dhul Hijja) you go to Mina where you pray
Dhuhr, 'Asr, Maghrib, 'Isha' and Subh
[It is called Mina because Ibrahim wished (tamanna) in that the
command to sacrifice his son would be taken from him. It is said that it is
because the blood is shed (amna) there. It is 6 miles from it Makka.
It is recommended to go out to it so that when you reach it, the time of
prayer will be near. It is recommended to spend the night there. The basis
for this is that the Prophet did it. Ahmad related that the Prophet prayed 5
prayers at Mina: Dhuhr and Subh and what is between them. If someone fails
to spend the night there, that is disliked, but he does not owe a sacrifice
for it.]
H.7 At 'Arafat
and then you go to 'Arafat.
H.7a Its time
[When you have prayed Subh on the ninth day at Mina, it is recommended
not to leave it until after sunrise. Then you go to 'Arafat, which is the
place of standing. When you reach 'Arafat, it is recommended that the camp
at Namira, which is at the end of the Haram and the beginning of the non-Haram.
]
H.7b Leading up to the Standing
During this time you continue to recite the talbiya ceasing when the
sun has passed its zenith on the Day of 'Arafat and you have reached the
place of prayer there. You should have a ghusl before going off to do the
prayer on 'Arafat
[From the time you leave from sunrise you continue talbiya. The place of
prayer is the mosque of Namira. You should perform a ghusl after midday
before going out. You do not rub thoroughly in the ghusl, but only pass the
hands over. This is the last of three ghusls of hajj. It is for standing,
not for prayer, and the woman who is menstruating or in lochia should do it
as well.]
H.7c Joining Dhuhr and 'Asr
where you join Dhuhr and 'Asr with the Imam.
[They are joined and shortened. He adds in the Mudawwana, with two
adhans and two iqamas and recitation is silent, not aloud, even if it
coincides with Jumu'a because he is praying Dhuhr and not Jumu'a. If someone
misses joining with the Imam, he joins the prayers wherever he is.
Shortening at 'Arafa is for the sunna.]
H.7d The standing
Then you accompany him to the standing place at 'Arafat and stay there
with him till the sun has set.
[This shows that the Standing of 'Arafa is not its prayer place. It is
valid to stand in every part of it although it is recommended to stand at
the large boulders lying at the base of the Mount of Mercy, the mountain in
the middle of 'Arafat. That because it is where the Prophet stood. The
standing begins after midday.
He stands with him until sunset according to what al-Fakhani and others
said and others which would not include any part of the night. The School is
that it must include a part of the night. Ibn al-Hajib said, "The minimum
obligation in the pillar of standing is to be present part of the night in a
part of 'Arafa wherever he wishes except for the bottom of 'Uruna. In short,
the fiqh is that standing at 'Arafa after midday is obligatory which can be
remedied by sacrifice. The standing part of the pillar is a part of the
night after sunset. What is considered as standing is the the most perfect
meaning. If he passes through 'Arafat at night and does not stand, that is
adequate with two conditions: he knows that this place is 'Arafa and that he
intends to be present at 'Arafa. This does not include the one who passes
not knowing that this place is 'Arafa. It is recommended to stay there
mounted since the Prophet did that. It is recommended to glorify and praise
Allah, say the shahada and the prayer on Sayyiduna Muhammad, and make
supplication. It is recommended to not fast so as to be strong in worship.]
H.8 At Muzdalifa
H.8a Going to Muzdalifa
Then when he moves off to go to Muzdalifa you go after him, praying
Maghrib, 'Isha and Subh with him at Muzdalifa.
[After sunset on the day of 'Arafa when the night is well advanced, you
set out with the Imam for Muzdalifa. If you go before him after sunset, then
you abandon the best course. When you arrive there, the first concern is to
perform the prayer shortly after stopping. You pray the prayers with the
Imam at Muzdalifa joined and shortened, except for the people of Muzdalifa.
The School is that this joining is sunna. When dawn comes, it is recommended
for him to pray Subh with the Imam at the beginning of the time. So it is
recommended to spend the night at Muzdalifa, as is stated in the
Mukhtasar. Dismounting is obligatory. It is not enough to make the camel
kneel: you must dismount. Whoever fails to dismount without excuse until
dawn owes a sacrifice. Whoever omits it for an excuse owes nothing.]
H.8b Standing at Mash'ar al-Haram
After that you stand there with him at the Mash'ar al-Haram
[It is recommended in the well-known school to stop with him facing the
House. Mash'ar is a mountain at Muzdalifa. It is called that because in the
Jahiliyya they used to mark their sacrifices there. This is the day of
Sacrifice. He prays Subh or stops at Muzdalifa until the sun has risen.]
H.9 Back to Mina
H.9a Crossing Muhassir
and shortly after sunrise, you go to Mina hurrying your mount across
the Valley of Muhassir.
[Its apparent meaning, as the Mukhtasar, is that it is permitted
to continue standing at the Mash'ar until the whitening of the sun. In the
Mudawwana, no one stays at the Mash'ar until sunrise or whitening,
but moves on before that. The Sahih indicates the first. It says that the
Prophet "came to the Mash'ar al-Haram, faced qibla and praised Allah,
proclaimed Him great, unified Him and prayed to Him. He remained standing
until it was very bright." The one riding is recommended to make his mount
hurry. Muhassir is a valley between Muzdalifa and Mina. The path is between
them. If he is walking, he walks quickly. A woman does not hurry. This
hurrying is an act of devotion.]
H.9b Stoning the Jamrat al-'Aqaba
When you get to Mina you stone the Jamrat al-'Aqaba using seven small
pebbles
[i.e. you begin to stone them first when you reach Mina in whatever state
you are, riding or otherwise. It is the end of Mina on the Makkan side. It
is called Jamra from the name of what is thrown at it: stones. Stoning is
done from dawn to sunset on the Day of Sacrifice and the time of making it
up covers all of the days of sacrifice. Indeed, the night after every day is
for making up for that day. There is no disagreement that sacrifice is
obliged for missing it. Missing it occurs at sunset of the fourth of the
days of Mina. They disagree about its obligation whether the hajj is
invalidated by missing any of the jamras.
Stoning has preconditions for its validity. One of the preconditions of
validity is that he puts the stone between his thumb and forefinger. It is
said that he holds it with his thumb and middle finger. They are thrown one
after the other, Less than that is not adequate, even if he throws seven
pebbles at once reckoning each of them to be one of the stones he throws.
Mud is not acceptable nor are minerals like iron. There is disagreement
about the size of what is thrown. That which most shaykhs say is that it is
like a date stone.The very small, like gravel is not enough.]
H.9c What is said during the stoning
and saying "Allahu akbar" with each pebble as you throw it.
[This is recommended. If he does not say that takbir, the stoning is
enough, and he continues to throw the pebbles. It is disliked for him to
take a stone and break it and to make pebbles. It is desirable to pick them
up from the earth and that they be pure. The stoning should be from the
bottom of the valley, Stoning the Jamra al-'Aqaba makes everything lawful
except women and hunting. It is called the lesser coming out of ihram. The
Tawaf al-Ifada makes everything lawful for him, even women and hunting. It
is called the greater coming out of ihram.]
H.9d Sacrifice
Then, if you have a sacrificial animal with you, you make sacrifice.
[He stands with it at 'Arafa and Mina. All are places for sacrifice
except what is beyond the Jamra al-'Aqaba and the Imam does not wait there
since the 'id prayer is not there.]
H.9e Shaving the head
Then you shave your head.
[After the sacrifice. Or you can shorten it if a a man's hair is not
matted or plaited. If it is matted or plaited, then it is shaved. Shaving is
only obliged in those two cases. The entire head must be shaved. Doing part
of it is like not doing it. If someone has something wrong with his head so
that he cannot shave, he sacrifices. As for the woman, the sunna for her is
to shorten her hair.]
H.10 Back to Makka
After that you go the House and do Tawaf al-Ifada going round seven
times and finishing with the prayer.
[It is the last of the four pillars of hajj which is not mended by
sacrifice and by it all that was forbidden becomes allowed, even women and
hunting. Taken from his words is that it is better to go to do it soon on
the Day of Sacrifice. That is indeed the case. But if you delay it past the
days of tashriq, sacrifice is not obliged. Sacrifice is obliged if you leave
it until Dhu'l-Hijja is over in the famous position. A counter statement is
that if he delays it to the 11th, then he is obliged to sacrifice. The
explanation of "going around" is that he does not hurry in this tawaf or do
sa'y because he did sa'y after the Tawaf of Arrival. This in respect of the
one who is not pressed for time. As for the one who was pressed for time so
that it was not feasible for him to do the Tawaf of Arrival, it is desirable
that he trots in the Tawaf of Ifada .]
H.11 Back to Mina
H.11a Staying for three days
You then stay for three days at Mina.
[Three days and nights if he is not in a hurry. If he omits most of the
nights, he is obliged to sacrifice. Shortening of the prayer is not
prescribed.]
H.11b. Stoning the jamras
On each day after the sun has passed the zenith, you first stone the
jamra nearest Mina using seven small pebbles and saying, 'Allahu akbar' with
each pebble thrown. You then stone the other two jamras with the same number
of pebbles again saying "Allahu akbar" as you throw each one. After stoning
the first two jamras you stand and make du'a but after stoning the jamra
al-'aqaba you do not stand but move straight off.
[On these three days. He does the middle one second and finishes with the
third, which is the Jamra al-'Aqaba, using seven stones each time. Al-Aqfahasi
said that "after the zenith" means before the prayer. If he stones before
the zenith, it is not enough and he repeats it after midday, as when he
stones the Jamra al-'Aqaba before Fajr.]
H.11c Leaving for Makka
When you have finished stoning on the third day, making four days
including the 'Id, you leave for Makka
[Ibn 'Umar said that he does not stay at Mina after stoning on the third
day. It is recommended to stop at Muhassab and pray Dhuhr, 'Asr, Maghrib and
'Isha' there and to enter Makka at night since the Prophet did that as the
Companions after him. If he prays Dhuhr before it, he owes nothing, and if
he does not stop, he does not have to sacrifice anything.]
H.11d The completion of the hajj
and your hajj is complete.
[If he means by complete the sunan, obligations and excellent parts,
there still remains the Tawaf of Farewell. If he means the obligations, they
are complete before that. He must mean its obligations and sunan and so he
did not consider the Tawaf of Farewell because it is not particular to the
hajj. It is done by whoever leaves Makka after the hajj or any other
reason.]
H.11e Hurrying up departure from Mina
If you want, you can speed up your departure by staying only two days
at Mina, leaving after finishing stoning on the second day.
[This is when the sun has not set on the second day. When it sets, there
is no hurrying because the night obliges camping there for the stoning of
the day. If the sun has set, it is as he is obliged to do the third day.]
H.12 Leaving Makka
When you are about to leave Makka you do the Tawaf of Farewell and the
two rak'as after it and then leave.
[This tawaf is recommended and sacrifice is owed for omitting it. When he
finishes it, he prays two rak'ats. Ibn Farhun said that the Tawaf of
Farewell has two rak'ats and if he omits them until he is far away or
arrives home, he prays them then and owes nothing. If he is near and still
in a state of purity, he returns to them. If he has broken wudu', he
purifies himself and begins the tawaf again and then prays them.]
H.13 'Umra
For 'umra you do the same as we said at the beginning of this chapter
up until when you have completed the sa'y between Safa and Marwa. You then
shave your head and your 'umra is complete.
[This shows that its pillars are three: ihram, tawaf and sa'y. It has two
miqats: time and place. The time is all time, and the place is outside the
Haram, whether he is foreign or resident in Makka. It would appear from his
words then that 'umra is not complete until he shaves his head. That is not
the case because Malik said that his 'umra is compete by tawaf and sa'y.
Shaving is one of the preconditions of perfection, not one of validity, and
so that is no contradiction in its being mandatory. What he meant by the end
of the 'umra is its perfection and so there is no contradiction.]
H.14. Cutting the hair
H.14a. For men
For both hajj and 'umra it is better to shave your head but shortening
the hair is acceptable in which case the hair should be shortened all over
the head.
[This is not absolute: shortening is preferable in the tamattu' hajj so
that the dishevelment remains for hajj. Zarruq stated that. The practice of
shaving is only complete by shaving the entire head since the Prophet did
that. Ibn al-Hajib said that the sunna in shortening for men is to cut close
to the roots. The minimum is to cut off something from all the hair. It is
not enough cut some of all the hair, even the amount of a finger. If he
shortens only some, he misses the sunna.]
H.14b. For women
The sunna for women is to shorten the hair.
[It is disliked for her to shave and it is said that it is haram because
it is mutilation. She shortens her hair. The basis for that is what Abu
Dawud related that the Prophet said, "Women do not have to shave. Women
shorten their hair."]
H.15 Requirements of Ihram
H.15a. Killing harmful animals
There is no harm in someone in ihram killing a rat, snake, scorpion or
such like nor in killing a dangerous dog or any other dangerous animal such
as a jackal or a lion.
[It is permitted to kill these categories. Similar to rats are creatures
which chew clothes, like weasels. Snakes and vipers includes hornets. A
dangerous dog is one which will attack. Dangerous animals include hyenas and
tigers.]
H.15b. Killing harmful birds
You can also kill crows and kites if you fear they will harm you but
not any other birds. [You can kill birds whose harm is feared, like crows
and kites.]
[These two types are killed, even if they do not initiate harm, large or
small. Other birds, harmful or not, are not killed. That is one of two
statements which Ibn al-Hajib reported. What is preferredof the two is to
kill them if they cause harm.]
H.15c Avoiding women
When doing hajj or 'umra you should avoid women,
[This is an obligation .Avoidingwomen means avoiding enjoyment of them by
intercourse or anything else. That is obligatory since it absolutely
invalidates the hajj, whether it is genital or anal, human or not,
intentional, out of forgetfulness of ignorance, with ejaculation or not,
whether it obliges the hadd or mahr or not, with an adult or not. It is
clear from what they say, as in al-Ahjuri, even if ghusl is not obliged,
The second sunna that he assumes ihram for makingup hajj. That does not
spare him the missed one and its ihram. The second is ineffectual which has
no place while he is in a false ihram and his ihram is not for making it up.
He is obliged to complete it when he has done the Standing in the year in
which he corrupted it. If he does not catch it, then he is commanded to come
out of it by doing 'umra He is not permitted to remain in ihram by agreement
because it is continuing the corrupted while he is able to be free of it.
As for actions which precede intercourse, like the kiss and the embrace,
they are unlawful. If he kisses or embrces and has ejaculated, it is
invalidated. Otherwise he should sacrifice a camel. As for the look and the
thought, they do not entail invalidation by the emission of sperm because of
them unless both of them were for pleasure and continued. As for its
emission by simply looking or the thought, there is only sacrifice for it.
These are the judgements for the emission of sperm. It obliges a sacrifice
absolutely whether it emerges after constantly looking, thought, kiss or
touch or not.]
H.15d Avoiding perfume
perfume,
[He must avoid perfume in hajj or 'umra like rose or jasmine, for which
there is no fidyat, or feminine perfume, which is what has a substance which
stays on the body and clothes, like musk, and saffron. There is fidya
for it, even if it is quickly removed.]
H.15e. Avoiding stitched clothing
stitched clothing,
[There is no disagreement that they are unlawful for men but not women.
What is meant is all that surrounds the body or part of it it.. It is also
unlawful for him to wear turbans, trousers and burnooses.]
H.15f Avoiding hunting
hunting,
[He must also avoid hunting in land,whether the reason for hunting is to
eat meat like the antelope, and wild ass or not, like monkeys without
difference between them being tame or wild, owned or permitted. There is no
exception for that except what is transmitted in the hadith: the kite and
crow, rate, scorpion, and dangerous dogs.]
H.15g Killing insects
killing insects
[He does not kill lice or remove them from his body.]
H.15h. Removing hair from the body
and removing any hair from your body.
[Like clipping the moustace which resembles removing hair. If he removes
any of his hair, he owes a handful of grain.]
H.15i. Not covering the head
When you are in ihram, you should not cover your head nor should you
shave it except in a case of necessity.
[It is forbidden for the one in ihram to cover his head and face with any
covering, be it like mud, let alone a turban. As for other things which
cover the body, it is forbidden to cover with with something specific which
is stitched. The head is not shaved by the words of the Almighty, "But do
not shave your heads until the sacrificial animal has reached the place of
sacrifice. If any of you are ill or have a head injury, there is an
expiationÉ" (2:196) which means: shaving to remove harm, and so the fidya is
fasting, sadaqa, or practices: He indicates this:]
H.15j Its expiation
If you do you must make expiation by fasting three days or feeding six
destitute people with two mudds each, using the mudd of the Prophet, may
Allah bless him and grant him peace, or sacrificing a sheep. This sacrifice
does not have to be carried out in any particular place.
[This could even be three days at Mina. He must perform an act of
devotion. It could be a sheep or something else. He only mentioned sheep
because fidya is done the best meat. It must be slaughtered. It is not
enough to give it without sacrificing it, as some of them said. The lack of
particular place is qualified to when the animal was not garlanded or
marked. If it was garlanded or marked, then he only sacrifices it at Mina.]
H.15k What women wear
Women may wear khuffs and ordinary clothing while they are in ihram
but in all other respects they must avoid the same things as men.
[They can absolutely wear leather socks, even if she has sandals. They
wear stitched clothes in ihram. Outside of this, they avoid the same things:
intercourse and foreplay, hunting, killing animals, removing hair. There is
no way she can avoid covering her head.]
H.15l A woman's ihram
A woman's ihram consists in her not covering her face and hands
[She shows her face and hands, and it is forbidden for her to cover them
with anything, even mud. She cannot wear a veil. If she does any of this,
she must do fidya.]
H.15m A man's ihram
and man's ihram in his not covering his face and head.
[A man must show his face and head while in ihram, night and day. If he
covers any of that and benefits, that is forbidden for him and he does fidya
whether it is out of forgetfulness, knowingly or out of ignorance. If he
removes it immediately, he owes nothing. He is permitted to use a pillow and
shield himself from the sun or windwith his hand. The hand is not considered
a covering unless it is touching the head and for a long time. In such case
he must do fidya as it says the 'Utibiyya. He is permitted to carry
his baggage and other things on his head as necessary, like a bundle of
firewood which he carries to sell. If he carries it for someone else or for
trade, there is fidya. He is permitted to seek the shade of the buildings
and tents.]
H.15n. Wearing leather socks
A man may not wear khuffs while he is in ihram unless he has not got
any thronged sandals in which case he should cut his khuffs down to below
the ankles.
[As is reported in the hadith. Then he proceedes to clarify which type of
hajj is best:]
H.16 Ifrad is best
According to us doing Hajj by itself is better than doing
tamattu' ('umra then hajj separately in the same
season) or qiran (hajj and 'umra together).
[Ifrad is best based on what is in the two Sahih collections that
the Prophet did ifrad in the Farewell Hajj and that continued to be the
action of the khalifs. Abu Bakr did ifrad in 2 AH, 'Umar in 10 AH and Uthman
in 12. It has not been reported that the Prophet did qiran or tamattu'. The
Imam said that some of the Companions commanded qiran and some tamattu'.
Ifrad does not need to be mended by sacrifice as opposed to qiran and
tamattu'. They need that. ]
H.16a. Someone not from Makka not doing ifrad
If someone who is not from Makka does qiran or tamattu'
[It is understood that the people of Makka do not have to sacrifice. What
is meant by them are those who are present there or at Dhu Tuwa at the time
the practices are performed. There are two conditions for the sacrifice of
the one doing qiran: that he does not live in Makka or Dhu Tuwa and that he
makes hajj in the same year. If he misses the hajj, he comes out of 'umra
and owes no sacrifice. If he omits the first and does not come out of ihram
for 'umra and remains in ihram, it is not cancelled for him. Then he
clarifies the place of the sacrifice.]
H.16b The sacrifice to mend it at Mina
he must sacrifice an animal at Mina,
[At Mina in the day after Fajr. It is not enough to do it as night. The
basis in all that is that the Prophet did it. There are preconditions for
the validity of the sacrifice:]
H.16c Preconditions for the validity of the sacrifice
which he had with him at 'Arafa.
[1. Whoever is obliged to sacrifice must have the animals at 'Arafa at
night. Ibn Harun said, "As for the precondition of standing at night, I do
not know of any dispute about it because all who stipulate standing at 'Arafa
at night, like Malik, make its judgement that of its owner in what makes
the standing acceptable.
2. The sacrifice must be during the days of Mina: the Day of Sacrifice
and the two days after it The fourth day is not included.
3. If the sacrifice is in the hajj, the sacrifice was driven under the
ihram of the hajj, whether it was obliged by something lacking, or in the
'umra, or voluntary to repay hunting.
When all these preconditions exist, is it not permitted to sacrifice at
Makka or anywhere else: the sacrifice at Mina is obligatory. If he lacks
some of the preconditions, it is permitted for him.]
H.16d Sacrifice at Marwa
If he did not have it at 'Arafa he should sacrifice it in Makka at
Marwa, having brought it there from outside the Haram.
[If he missed it in the days of Mina, even if he stood at 'Arafa, then he
is obliged to sacrifice in Makka or the houses near it. He is not allowed to
sacrifice at Dhu Tuwa and other places outside Makka, even if they are
connected to the houses of Makka. That is only when he has brought the
sacrifice from outside the Haram by any aspect because every sacrifice must
combine Haram and non-Haram. The sacrifice can be sheep, cattle or camels,
but camels are best. Only sound animals are allowed in all like the
sacrifices and sacrifice of these three is specificed for the one doing
tamattu' and qiran when he can do so.]
H.16e. Fasting three days on the hajj
If you do not have a sacrificial animal you should fast three days
during the hajj, that being between the time you go into ihram and the Day
of 'Arafa.
[He only mentions the tamattu' and not the qiran. The three days during
the hajj can be from the time of ihram to the day of 'Arafa. So if the
imperfection which obliges sacrifice is before standing at 'Arafa, it is
included in the time of fasting for three days, which is from ihram to 'Arafa
because he can fast. He is like the one who exceeds the miqat and does
tammatu' and qiran and omits the Tawaf of Arrival. We said, 'before the
standing' is if the imperfection occurs after standing, like not stopping in
Muzdalifa, or not stoning or shaving, or delaying the three until the days
of tashriq are over. Then he fasts them with the seven days when he wishes.]
H.16f Fasting the days of Mina
If you do not manage to do that you fast the days of Mina. Then when
you return to your own country you fast seven more days.
[If he misses the three days in the hajj, he fasts them at Mina without
incurring any sin if he delays the fast until then for an excuse. After
fasting the three, whether in the hajj or at Mina, he fasts the seven when
he returns from Mina to Makka, whether he stays at Makka or not. If he
delays it, he fasts whenever he wishes, and it is recommended that the three
be consecutive, but it is not obligatory. The same applies to the ten. It is
recommended in the well-known position.]
To do tamattu', you go into ihram for 'umra only during the months of
hajj, then come out of ihram, then go back into it again for hajj that same
year without having travelled back to your country or to anywhere else a
similar distance away.
[It is not a precondition that they are both in the months of hajj. If he
goes into ihram in Ramadan and then completes it in Shawwal, he does tamattu'
even if a pillar falls into the months of hajj. If only shaving remains for
him and it happens in the months of hajj, he is not doing tamattu'. Then he
performs hajj in this year because if they were not both in the same year,
there is no tamattu'. He is also not doing tamattu' if he returns to his
land after his 'umra in the months of hajj before going into ihram for hajj.
So tamattu' is true in any form when he finishes 'umra in the months of hajj
and goes into ihram for hajj before he returns to his land.]
H.17b Coming out of 'umra and going into ihram for hajj
If this is the case you are permitted to go back into ihram from Makka
if that is where you are but to do you must go outside the haram territory.
[When he comes out of 'umra, he goes into ihram in Makka. In this case it
is recommended that he do it from the door of the mosque. He does not go
into ihram from Makka because one of the preconditions of 'umra is that he
combine being in and out of ihram.]
To do qiran you gointo ihram for hajj and 'umra together, making the
intention to do 'umra first. If you decide to do Hajj as well as 'umra
before you have done the tawaf and its following two rak'as you are
considered as doing qiran.
[He begins with 'umra. It appears from his words that he does not
make it consecutive in tawaf. The well-known position is that it is
permitted. It is valid after he completes it and before praying the rak'ats,
but it is disliked. If he prays the rak'ats, he misses consecutiveness.
Whoever does it consecutively (arfada) after sa'y is not doing qiran
by agreement.]
H.19 Particulars on tamattu' and qiran
H.19a People of Makka doing tamattu' or qiran
The people of Makka do not have to sacrifice if they are doing tamattu'
or qiran.
[It is agreed that they do not have to sacrifice in tamattu' or qiran
according to the well-known position.]
H.19b When it is not tamattu'
If you come out of ihram after an 'umra before the months of hajj and
then stay on for hajj during the same year, you are not considered as doing
tamattu'
[If he delays the shaving until the months of hajj.]
H.20 Atonement for hunting in ihram
20.20a Expiation
If you kill any game while in ihram you have to make expiation for it
by sacrificing a domestic animal equivalent to the one you killed.
[Whether its flesh is eaten or not. The Lawgiver said whether the killer
in ihram is doing hajj or 'umra, or is in the Haram, even if he is not a
muhrim, whether he is free or slave, male or female, young or old, and the
killing is deliberate or accidental, or by forgetfulness direct or causal.
This sacrifice is an obligation. The likeness is in form and value, or close
to it. So the one who kills an elephant owes a Khorasani camel with two
humps. The one who kills a wild ox or wild ass or gazelle owes a domestic
cow. The one who kills an ostrich owes a camel becase it is close in value
and form. The one who kills a hyena, fox, or one of the doves of Makka
outside the Haram must pay its price in food when it is killed. The least of
what is allowed in repayment for hunting is a lamb or kid because Allah
Almighty called it a sacrifice and so it must meet the preconditions of a
sacrifice.]
20.20b. Who assesses it
This should be ascertained by two trustworthy fuqaha' from among the
Muslims.
[If he pays it before their judgement on it, he repeats it, even if the
evaluated thing is not eaten. The precondition of being trustworthy is being
free and adult. There must be the expression "judgment": fatwa is not
enough. One of the preconditions of their judgement is that base their
judgement on the judgement of the Prophet and the Companions. A judgement
which has no prior judgement is rejected and not carried out; and no one
repays without a judgement. If he repays it without a judgement, he repeats
it, even if it agrees with the judgement passed. An exception to are the
doves of Makka and the Haram for which there is a sheep.]
20.20c. Where the sacrifice is done
If the animals to be killed was with you on 'Arafa the sacrifice
should be made at Mina. Otherwise it should be made in Makka, the animal
concerned having been brought in from outside the Haram territory.
[The place where it is slaughtered, i.e.the repayment of game if it is
part of what is slaughtered and sacrificed. He or his representative do it
at Mina. Otherwise it is done in Makka.]
20.20d. The choice
You have the choice of doing this or of making kaffara by feeding
destitute people, in which case you work out the value of the animal killed
in terms of food and give that amount away as sadaqa. Or alternatively you
can fast one day for each mudd, fasting a whole day for any incomplete mudd.
[Someone who kills game has a choice between two things. He can do
kaffara, which is feeding from the predominant food of the place where the
game was killed, whatever it is. If it has no value there, one considers its
price in the nearest place to it, and he gives it as sadaqa to them. When he
feeds, each poor person receives a mudd. If he gives its price or goods,
that is not enough.
The second possibility is to fast. There is a day per mudd because he
cannot make it partial, and so it can only be mended by a complete day.]
20.21 Going home
20.21a. The ruling of 'umra
'Umra is a confirmed sunna to be done at least once in a lifetime.
[It as two miqats: place, which are those of the hajj, and time, which is
the entire year. It has three pillars: ihram, tawaf and sa'y. Shaving is not
one of its pillars. The description of ihram for it is recommended to have a
ghusl and what is permitted to dress and what is forbidden of scent, etc, is
like the hajj, It is disliked to repeat it in the same year in the
well-known position.]
20.21b. Final du'a
When you leave Makka after hajj or 'umra, it is recommended to say: "Ayibuna,
ta-ibuna, 'abidana lirabbina, hamiduna, sadaqa'llahu wa'dahu wa nasara 'abdahu
wa hazama'l-Ahzaba wahdah. (Returning, repentant, worshipping, praising our
Lord. Allah had been true to His promise and given victory to His slave and
defeated the clans by Himself.)
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